The Natural World as a Philosophical Problem

FOREWORD by Ludwig Landgrebe                                                                                    
 
THE NATURAL WORLD AS A PHILOSOPHICAL PROBLEM (1936)                        
 
Introduction                                                                                                                         
 
I. Stating the Problem                                                                                                          
1. The Naive Life-World and the World of Science.                                                       
2. The Impact of the Scientific World-View on Our Life-Feeling.                                 
3. Attempt at a Historical Typology of Possible Solutions to the Problem. Berkeley, Reid, Jacobi, Goethe. Modern Positivism: Avenarius, Mach, Bertrand Russell, Carnap, Wittgenstein, Physicalism.     
4. Anticipating Our Own Proposed Solution. The Transcendental Theory of Experience Is in a Position to Reconcile the Supposed Opposites. Subjectivism As against All Sorts of Objectivism. 
 
II. The Question of the Essence of Subjectivity and Its Methodical Exploitation              
1. Descartes’ Cogito Cogitans and Cogito Cogitatum.                                                    
2. Kant’s I of Transcendental Apperception and the Empirical I.                                   
3. Fichte’s Creative I and the Finite I. Fichte’s Subjective Method Is Synthetic.          
4. Absolute Subjectivity and the Dialectical Method. Is the Essence of Subjectivity Identical with the I? Schelling.                                                                                                                         
5. Schelling’s and Hegel’s “Absolute Skepticism.” The Realization of this Idea in the Phenomenological Epoche and Reduction.                                                                                                                
6. The Method of Phenomenology Is Analytic and Descriptive. Reduction Is Not a Method for Acquiring Eidetic Cognitions. The Method of Guiding Clues. Constitution and Its Problems. Eidetic Intuition.   
7. The Objection of Solipsism. Transcendental Intersubjectivity As the Presently Attained Stage of the Subjective Reduction.                                                                                                                       
 
III. The Natural World                                                                                                       
1. Description of the Situation of Man in the World. The Form of Being-in-the-World. Home and Alien. The Temporal Dimension of the World. The Subjective and Mood Dimensions of the World.
2. Reference to the Historical Development of the Problem. Kant, Wilhelm von Humboldt, Dilthey, Simmel, Husserl, Heidegger, etc.                                                                                                 
3. The Subjective Attitude. The Concepts of Act- and Horizon-Intentionality.           
4. The Concept of Horizon Already Anticipated before Husserl: Kant, Droysen.        
5. Attempt at a Constitutive Sketch of the Genesis of the Naive World. Time as the Constitutive Basis. Original Time, Distinct from World-Time, Is Retention and Creation. The Process of Constitution Is Punctuated by the Process of the Objectification of Time. Progression: Qualitativeness, Space, Thing.   
6. The Fundamental Tendencies Guiding the Articulation of Experience Are the Dispositional and the Communicative Tendency.                                                                                            
 
IV. A Sketch of a Philosophy of Language and Speech                                                    
1. Description of Language Comprehension, Disposing of Language (Speech), and the Phenomenon of Language Itself.                                                                                                                             
2. An Attempted Ideal Genesis of Language. Language Possible Only by Virtue of the Fact that Man Lives As a Free I.                                                                                                                            
3. Passive Experience and Its Mastering by Thought Through Language.
4. The Sensible Aspect of Language.
5. Language as Objective Meaning: the Thought-Schema and Its Mirroring in Language.
 
V. Conclusion
Proper Theory Becomes Possible Only on the Basis of Language. Outlook on the Genesis of Theory and, in Specie, of Modern Science.
 
“THE NATURAL WORLD” REMEDITATED THIRTY-THREE YEARS LATER
AFTERWORD TO THE SECOND CZECH EDITION (1970)
I. The Problem of the Natural World 
II. Prehistory and History of the Problem of the Natural World 
III. Human Life as the Movement of Existence
 
AFTERWORD TO THE FIRST FRENCH TRANSLATION (1976)
 
TRANSLATOR’S NOTE
 
INDEX